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Al Qanoon Fil Tib: The Canon of Medicine by Avicenna
Al Qanoon Fil Tib (The Canon of Medicine) is a monumental work of medical literature by the Persian polymath Abu Ali Ibn Sina (980-1037), also known as Avicenna in the West. It is a comprehensive encyclopedia of medicine that covers all aspects of human health and disease, from anatomy and physiology to diagnosis and treatment. It is based on the ancient Greek and Islamic sources, as well as Avicenna's own observations and experiments. It was written in Arabic and consists of five books, each divided into several chapters and sections.
The Canon of Medicine was the most influential medical text in the medieval world, and was widely translated, commented upon, and taught in various languages, including Latin, Hebrew, Persian, Turkish, and Urdu. It remained a standard reference for medical students and practitioners until the 18th century. It is considered one of the greatest achievements of Islamic civilization and a masterpiece of scientific literature.
Some of the main contributions of the Canon of Medicine include:
The introduction of a rigorous method of observation, experimentation, and verification in medicine.
The classification of diseases into general and specific types, and the distinction between essential and accidental causes.
The description of various anatomical structures and physiological functions, such as the heart, the brain, the nerves, the blood circulation, the digestion, the respiration, and the senses.
The identification of various infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, measles, smallpox, rabies, leprosy, and anthrax.
The development of various diagnostic tools and techniques, such as pulse examination, urine analysis, sphygmology, and clinical trials.
The formulation of various therapeutic principles and methods, such as dietetics, pharmacology, surgery, hygiene, and psychotherapy.
The compilation of a large pharmacopoeia that lists over 800 drugs derived from plants, animals, minerals, and metals.
The Canon of Medicine is a remarkable testament to the intellectual prowess and scientific curiosity of Avicenna and his predecessors. It is a valuable source of knowledge and wisdom for anyone interested in the history and philosophy of medicine.Avicenna was born in Afshana, near Bukhara (present-day Uzbekistan), in a noble family of Persian origin. He was a prodigy who learned the Quran, Arabic, Persian, mathematics, logic, and astronomy by the age of 10. He then studied medicine under a famous physician, and became a qualified doctor by the age of 16. He also studied philosophy, theology, metaphysics, and ethics under various teachers. He traveled extensively throughout the Islamic world, serving as a physician, teacher, administrator, and adviser to various rulers and scholars. He wrote over 450 works on various subjects, of which about 240 have survived. His most famous works include the Kitab al-Shifa (The Book of Healing), a philosophical encyclopedia, and the Kitab al-Najat (The Book of Salvation), a summary of his metaphysics.
The original Arabic text of the Canon of Medicine is preserved in several manuscripts in various libraries and museums around the world. Some of the oldest and most complete copies are kept by the Institute of Manuscripts of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (IMANAS) , the Yale University Library , and the Bibliothèque nationale de France. The Canon of Medicine was first translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century, and then into Hebrew, Persian, Turkish, and Urdu in later centuries. It was also commented upon by many prominent medical scholars, such as Ibn al-Nafis, Ibn al-Quff, Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Maimonides, and Paracelsus.
Avicenna's medicine has been recognized as a valuable source of medical knowledge and practice by modern scholars and practitioners. Some of his insights and discoveries have been confirmed by modern science, such as the role of the pituitary gland in growth, the function of the retina in vision, the contagious nature of some diseases, and the use of anesthesia and quarantine. Some of his treatments and remedies have also been found to be effective or beneficial for certain conditions, such as herbal medicines, aromatherapy, massage therapy, and music therapy. Avicenna's medicine has also inspired some alternative or complementary medical systems, such as Unani medicine in India and Pakistan, Avicennian medicine in Iran and Central Asia, and Traditional Chinese Medicine. 061ffe29dd